Implants and methods for percutaneous perforation closure

ABSTRACT

A device for sealing an aperture in a tissue includes: a foot including a distal portion configured to be disposed distal to the tissue when the device is implanted in a position to seal the aperture; and a flexible wing positionable against a distal surface of the tissue adjacent the aperture such that the flexible wing is disposed between the distal portion of the foot and the distal surface adjacent the aperture.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/781,628, filed Feb. 28, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/605,093, filed Feb. 29, 2012, andU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/716,345, filed Oct. 19, 2012,the content of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Further, each of the following is incorporated herein in its entirety byreference: U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/781,625, filed Feb. 28,2013; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/781,630, filed Feb. 28, 2013;and PCT Application No. PCT/US13/28451, filed Feb. 28, 2013.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to closure systems, devices, andmethods for use in surgical procedures.

BACKGROUND

Minimally invasive procedures are continually increasing in number andvariation in part because such techniques offer an immediate advantageover more traditional, yet highly invasive surgeries. Endoscopicsurgery, for example, uses one or more scopes inserted through smallincisions for diagnosing and treating disease. In particular,endovascular surgery gives access to many regions of the body, such asthe heart, through major blood vessels. Typically, the techniqueinvolves introducing a surgical instrument percutaneously into a bloodvessel, such as, for example, the femoral artery. The currently emergingpercutaneous endovascular procedures include aortic valve replacement,mitral valve repair, abdominal and thoracic aneurysm repair andtricuspid valve replacement. Other procedures requiring access to thefemoral artery include coronary, carotid and cerebral angiographicprocedures.

Other examples of a minimally invasive procedure include NOTES (NaturalOrifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery) based surgery, e.g.transgastric, transvesical, and transcolonic approaches.

A key feature of these minimally invasive surgical procedures is theforming of a temporary pathway, usually an incision or dilatedperforation, to the surgical site. For example, in the emergingpercutaneous endovascular procedures, an access site (e.g. incision,puncture hole, or perforation) ranging from approximately 10 to 30French units is formed as a temporary pathway to access the target site.Various instruments, such as procedural sheaths, guidewires andcatheters, are inserted through the access site, as well as specializedmedical instruments, such as, balloon catheters and stents.

Currently, these large (10 to 30 French (F)) puncture holes (orperforations) or access sites are routinely created after surgical cutdown to the blood vessel and post procedure are closed via cut-downsurgical repair. This method is very invasive and fraught withcomplications. Accordingly, the rapid development of percutaneousendovascular surgery, of which interventional radiology and cardiologyare a major component, has led to the need for instrumentation tominimize the risk of complications associated with closing the accesssite after a procedure.

SUMMARY

In accordance with example embodiments, a device for sealing an aperturein a tissue includes: a foot including a distal portion configured to bedisposed distally beyond a distal surface of the tissue when the deviceis in a sealing position, and a proximal portion configured to extendproximally through the aperture and proximally beyond a proximal surfaceof the tissue when the device is in the sealing position; a flexiblewing positionable against the distal surface of the tissue adjacent theaperture such that the flexible wing is disposed between the anteriordistal portion of the foot and the distal surface of the tissue when thedevice is in the sealing position; and an elongated retention membersupported by the proximal portion of the foot, the retention membermoveable with respect to the proximal portion from a first position to asecond position such that a portion of the tissue is disposed betweenthe retention member and the flexible wing when the device is in thesealing position.

The device may be configured to seal a surgical perforation in a cavitysuch as a gastrointestinal tract, heart, peritoneal cavity, esophagus,vagina, rectum, trachea, bronchi, or a blood vessel.

The device may be configured to seal a surgical perforation in anartery, the flexible wing being positionable against an internal luminalsurface of the artery adjacent to the surgical perforation.

The foot may be configured to provide support to the tissue in regionsof the distal surface that surround the aperture.

The distal portion of the foot may have an elongated shape.

The device may be configured to seal a surgical perforation having adiameter that is less than a length of the distal portion of the foot.

The distal portion of the foot may have two opposed lateral projectionsthat extend outwardly from the longitudinal axis of the elongated shape.

The lateral projections may be rounded.

The foot may have a transverse width measured from an outer edge of oneof the lateral projections to an outer edge of the other lateralprojection that is constant along at least a portion of the lateralprojections.

The distal portion of the foot may be rectangular.

The distal portion of the foot may be circular.

The device may include a recessed surface disposed in the distal portionof the foot and into which the device flexible portion is received andcrimped to provide an effective fluid seal between the wing and thedistal portion of the foot.

The device crimping of the flexible wing may be achieved using (a)mechanical (b) chemical, and (c) chemical methods. In some examples, thecrimping may be achieved using at least one of (a) mechanical crimping,(b) chemical crimping, and (c) thermal crimping.

The device may further include a passageway extending through at leastone of the foot and the flexible wing and configured to receive aguidewire there through, such that the entire device is freely movablealong the guidewire.

The device may further include a closure member configured to move froma first position to a second position after complete removal of theguidewire, the movement of the closure member from the first position tothe second position causing the passageway to be sealed.

The closure member may be part of the retention member.

The passageway may include an enlarged portion configured to maintain aseal via coagulation.

The enlarged portion may be tapered.

At least one of the foot, the flexible wing, and the retention membermay be formed at least in part of a material having an inherentviscosity in a range from 0.5 to 7.0 dl/g.

A longitudinal axis of the proximal portion of the foot may be flexiblewith respect to a longitudinal axis of the distal portion of the foot.

A longitudinal axis of the proximal portion of the foot may form anangle in a range from 10 to 70 degrees with respect to a longitudinalaxis of the distal portion of the foot.

A longitudinal axis of the proximal portion of the foot may form anangle of 30 degrees with respect to a proximal surface of the distalportion of the foot.

The distal portion of the foot may have a length this is greater than adiameter of the aperture.

The proximal portion may be flexible relative to the distal portion ofthe foot.

The distal portion of the foot may be configured to reinforce theflexible wing to facilitate sealing of the aperture.

The elongated retention member may be configured to provide a safetymechanism against the foot being fully pushed or pulled distally throughthe aperture.

The device may further include a guide channel configured to receive aguide wire.

The retention member may be configured to block the guide channel whenthe pin is in the second position.

The pin may be configured to leave the guide channel open when the pinis the second position.

In accordance with example embodiments, a device for sealing an aperturein a tissue includes: a foot including a distal portion configured to bedisposed distally beyond a distal surface of the tissue when the deviceis in a sealing position; and a flexible wing positionable against thedistal surface of the tissue and adjacent the aperture such that theflexible wing is disposed between the distal portion of the foot and thedistal surface of the tissue when the device is in the sealing position,wherein the foot and wing are configured to be introduced through theaperture over a guidewire.

The device may be configured to seal a surgical perforation in anartery, the flexible wing being positionable against an internal luminalsurface of the artery adjacent to the surgical perforation.

In accordance with example embodiments of the present invention, adevice includes: a flexible wing positionable against a distal surfaceof a tissue adjacent an aperture in the tissue, the flexible wing having(a) an anterior surface configured to face the distal surface when thewing is positioned against the distal surface of the tissue and (b) aposterior surface configured to face away from the distal surface of thetissue when the wing is positioned against the distal surface of thetissue, wherein at least one surface of the flexible wing has awettability that is increased from a base state of a material from whichthe flexible wing is formed.

The flexible wing may be configured to seal a surgical perforation in anartery, the flexible wing being positionable against an internal luminalsurface of the artery adjacent the surgical perforation.

The increased wettability may be provided by at least one of (a)providing an electrical charge to at least one of the anterior surfaceand the posterior surface; (b) providing a surface texture to at leastone of the anterior surface and the posterior surface; (c) attaching aprotein to at least one of the anterior surface and the posteriorsurface; (d) applying a drug coating to at least one of the anteriorsurface and the posterior surface; and (e) etching at least one of theanterior surface and the posterior surface.

The increased wettability may be provided by grooves formed in at leastone of the anterior surface and the posterior surface.

The grooves may have a depth that is in a range from 1 μm to 100 μm.

The grooves may have a depth that is in a range from 7 μm to 40 μm.

In accordance with example embodiments, a method includes: increasing awettability of an implant configured to seal an aperture in a tissue andincluding (i) an anterior surface configured to contact the tissue atone or more locations adjacent to the aperture and (ii) a posteriorsurface, the wettability being increased by at least one of (a)providing an electrical charge to at least one of the anterior surfaceand the posterior surface; (b) providing a surface texture to at leastone of the anterior surface and the posterior surface; (c) attaching aprotein to at least one of the anterior surface and the posteriorsurface; and (d) etching at least one of the anterior surface and theposterior surface.

The increasing of the wettability of the implant may comprise increasingthe wettability of the anterior surface of the implant, the anteriorsurface corresponding to an anterior side of a flexible wingpositionable against a distal surface of the tissue adjacent to theaperture in the tissue, the anterior surface of the wing beingconfigured to face the distal surface of the tissue when the wing ispositioned against the distal surface of the tissue.

The increasing of the wettability may include forming grooves in atleast one of the anterior surface and the posterior surface.

The grooves may have a depth that is in a range from 1 μm to 100 μm.

The grooves may have a depth that is in a range from 7 μm to 40 μm.

In accordance with example embodiments, a device for sealing an aperturein a tissue includes: a base portion; a flexible portion extending fromthe base portion and configured to contact the tissue adjacent theaperture; a passageway extending through at least one of the baseportion and the flexible member and configured to receive a guidewirethere through, such that the entire device is freely movable along theguidewire; and a closure member configured to move from a first positionto a second position after complete removal of the guidewire, themovement of the closure member from the first position to the secondposition causing the passageway to be sealed.

In accordance with example embodiments, a device for sealing an aperturein a tissue includes: a foot including a distal portion configured to bedisposed distally beyond a distal surface of the tissue when the deviceis in a sealing position, and a proximal portion configured to extendproximally through the aperture and proximally beyond a proximal surfaceof the tissue when the device is in the sealing position; a flexiblewing positionable against the distal surface of the tissue adjacent theaperture such that the flexible wing is disposed between the anteriordistal portion of the foot and the distal surface of the tissue when thedevice is in the sealing position; and an elongated retention membersupported by the proximal portion of the foot, wherein the device isformed of a polymer adapted to remain shelf stable and functional forsealing after terminal sterilization.

The polymer may be adapted to remain shelf stable and functional forsealing after terminal sterilization using at least one of (a) ethyleneoxide, (b) electron-beam, (c) gamma irradiation, and (d) nitrous oxide.

In accordance with example embodiments, a device for sealing an aperturein a tissue includes: a foot including a distal portion configured to bedisposed distally beyond a distal surface of the tissue when the deviceis in a sealing position, and a proximal portion configured to extendproximally through the aperture and proximally beyond a proximal surfaceof the tissue when the device is in the sealing position; a flexiblewing positionable against the distal surface of the tissue adjacent theaperture such that the flexible wing is disposed between the anteriordistal portion of the foot and the distal surface of the tissue when thedevice is in the sealing position; and an elongated retention membersupported by the proximal portion of the foot, wherein at least one ofthe foot, the flexible wing, and the elongated retention member isformed at least in part of a polymer that is biodegradable.

The entire device may be formed of a polymer that is biodegradable.

The polymer may comprise Polydioxanone, Poly-L-lactide, Poly-D-lactide,Poly-DL-lactide, Polyglycolide, ε-Caprolactone, Polyethylene glycol, orcombinations thereof.

The polymer may comprise polydioxanone.

In one aspect of example embodiments of the invention, an implantabledevice for sealing a surgical perforation is provided. In accordancewith example embodiments, this device is polymer-based. For example, thedevice may be formed of a biodegradable polymer. The resultingbiodegradable polymer may be biocompatible and bioresorbable with theability to degrade when implanted in-vivo.

Biodegradable polymers can have crystalline and amorphous regions andare therefore, in general, semi-crystalline in nature. Degradation of abiodegradable polymer such as initiates in the amorphous regions, withthe crystalline regions also degrading but at a slower rate relative tothe amorphous regions. Without wishing to be tied to a theory,degradation of a polymer such as Polydioxanone (PDO) occurs along thepolymer back bone by hydrolysis of the ester bonds. This non-specificester bond scission occurs randomly along the polymer chain with waterpenetration initially cutting the chemical bonds and converting the longpolymer chains into natural monomeric acids found in the body, such aslactic acid. Such monomeric acids are then phagocytized by the enzymaticaction of special types of mononuclear and multinuclear white bloodcells. The polymer is thus degraded into non-toxic, low molecular weightresidues that are capable of being eliminated from the body by normalmetabolic pathways, e.g. via exhalation and/or excretion. Such a pathwaythereby enables reference to the breakdown of such polymers in-vivothrough terminology such as absorbable, bioabsorbable, degradation,biodegradation, resorbtion, bioresorbtion, etc.

In another aspect, the biodegradable polymer may be shelf stable evenafter terminal sterilization, e.g. using ethylene oxide, gammairradiation, e-beam irradiation, nitrous oxide, etc. for in vivo use. Inaccordance with example embodiments, the biodegradable polymer isdesigned to withstand terminal sterilization, such as ethylene oxidesterilization, and still maintain long-term shelf life stability andproduct functionality. Terminal sterilization, such as by ethyleneoxide, can have a dramatic effect on the structural stability ofpolymers as they are either degraded into low molecular weight speciesor cross linked into complex polymeric systems, which can negativelyalter the post-sterilization polymer properties. Accordingly, in orderto provide a post sterilization, shelf-stable, biocompatible polymericimplant; the polymer, in accordance with example embodiments of thepresent invention, is able to survive the terminal sterilizationprocedure and still maintain functionality.

It has been found that post-sterilization stability is achievable byusing polymers with an inherent viscosity [IV] (which is a method ofevaluating the relative molecular weight of the polymeric system) thatis of a sufficient starting range to endure a drop in IVpost-sterilization and still meet the required implant designrequirements. Without wishing to be tied to a theory, it is believedthat polymers are susceptible to degrade into lower molecular weightspecies during terminal sterilization, thereby affecting the inherentviscosity of the implant during storage. By starting with a polymersystem with an IV value in its upper range pre-sterilization, it ispossible to have a sterile system, post-sterilization with an IV lowerthan that of the starting system but that is designed to meet therequired shelf-life stability. This IV value is typically in the rangeof 0.5-7.0 dl/g

Additionally, in accordance with example embodiments, the use of aspecific and defined atmosphere for storage of the implant pre- andpost-sterilization further adds to increasing the post-sterilizationshelf-life stability of the polymer in question. One such method is theuse of a controlled atmosphere, specifically one where excessivemoisture is reduced via a vacuum or low moisture containing dried gasessuch as nitrogen, argon, etc. Furthermore, the use of packagingmaterials with a low moisture vapor transmission rate, for exampleorientated polypropylene (OPP), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Linearlow-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polyethylene (PE), foil-basedpackaging materials (e.g. aluminium), or combinations thereof, incombination with a low moisture environment can further aid in enhancingthe stability of the polymeric material post-sterilization.

Further features and aspects of example embodiments of the presentinvention are described in more detail below with reference to theappended Figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows a perspective view of a closure device with an alternativeextra-luminal pin and situated on a guidewire extending into an artery,the artery shown in cross-section.

FIG. 1B shows a perspective view of the closure device of FIG. 1A withan alternative extra-luminal pin and situated on a guidewire extendinginto the artery of FIG. 1A, the artery shown in cross-section.

FIG. 1C shows a front view of the closure device of FIG. 1A engaging theartery, the artery shown in cross-section.

FIG. 2A shows a perspective view of the closure device of FIG. 1A whennot engaged with the artery, disposed on a guidewire, and with anextra-luminal pin in a retracted position.

FIG. 2B shows a perspective view of the closure device of FIG. 2A whennot engaged with the artery, and with the extra-luminal pin in adeployed position.

FIG. 2C shows a right side view of the closure device shown in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2D shows a right side view of the closure device shown in FIG. 2B.

FIG. 3A shows a right side view of a foot core of the closure deviceshown in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 3B shows a front view of the foot core shown in FIG. 3A.

FIG. 3C shows a perspective view of the foot core shown in FIG. 3A.

FIG. 3D shows a cross-sectional perspective view of the foot core shownin FIG. 3A.

FIG. 4A shows a perspective view of another foot core.

FIG. 4B shows a front view of the foot core shown in FIG. 4A.

FIG. 4C shows a cross-sectional perspective view of the foot core shownin FIG. 4A.

FIG. 4D shows a bottom view of the foot core shown in FIG. 4A.

FIG. 4E shows a perspective view of the foot core shown in FIG. 4A and awing element.

FIG. 4F shows a right side view of the foot core and wing element shownin FIG. 4E.

FIG. 5A shows a perspective view of another foot core.

FIG. 5B shows a front view of the foot core of FIG. 5A.

FIG. 6A shows a wing element of the device of FIG. 1A in a flat state.

FIG. 6B shows the wing element of FIG. 6A in a folded or curved state.

FIG. 7A shows a cross-sectional right side view of a closure systemincorporating the closure device shown in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 7B shows a cross-sectional right side view of the closure deviceshown in FIG. 7A in a released state.

FIG. 7C shows a perspective view of the extra-luminal pin element.

FIG. 7D shows a perspective view of another extra-luminal pin element.

FIG. 8A shows a left side view of another closure system.

FIG. 8B shows a left side view of the closure system of FIG. 8B afterdeployment of an extra-luminal pin arrangement.

FIG. 9A shows a left side view of another closure system.

FIG. 9B shows a left side view of the closure system of FIG. 9A afterdeployment of an extra-luminal pin.

FIG. 10A shows a left side view of another closure system.

FIG. 10B shows a left side view of the closure system of FIG. 9A afterdeployment of an extra-luminal pin.

FIG. 11A shows a left side view of another closure system.

FIG. 11B shows a left side view of the closure system of FIG. 11A afterdeployment of an extra-luminal pin.

FIG. 12A shows a left side view of another closure system.

FIG. 12B shows a left side view of the closure system of FIG. 12A afterdeployment of an extra-luminal pin.

FIG. 13A shows another foot core.

FIG. 13B shows another foot core.

FIG. 14 shows another foot core.

FIG. 15A shows a foot core having a flexible neck.

FIG. 15B shows another foot core having a flexible neck.

FIG. 16 shows a foot core that does not include a wing-receiving recess.

FIG. 17A shows an implant that utilizes a wing-retention collar.

FIG. 17B shows the implant of FIG. 17B with the collar mounted.

FIG. 17C is an enlarged partial view of the implant of FIG. 17B.

FIG. 18 is a sectional side view of a foot core and an intra-luminalpin.

FIG. 19 shows an implant.

FIG. 20 is a perspective view of a cross-sectioned implant of FIG. 19.

FIG. 21 is a perspective view of a cross-sectioned implant of FIG. 19with an extra-luminal pin in a deployed position.

FIG. 22A shows a foot core of the implant of FIG. 19.

FIG. 22B shows a flexible wing of the implant of FIG. 19.

FIG. 22C shows an extra-luminal pin of the implant of FIG. 19.

FIG. 23 is a side view of the implant of FIG. 19.

FIG. 24 is a front view of the implant of FIG. 19.

FIG. 25 is a back view of the implant of FIG. 19.

FIG. 26 is a top view of the implant of FIG. 19.

FIG. 27 is a bottom view of the implant of FIG. 19.

FIG. 28A shows a front perspective view of a foot core.

FIG. 28B shows a rear perspective view of the foot core of FIG. 28A.

FIG. 28C shows a top view of the foot core of FIG. 28A.

FIG. 28D shows a bottom view of the foot core of FIG. 28A.

FIG. 28E shows a perspective view of the bottom of the foot core of FIG.28A.

FIG. 29 is a partial sectional view the flexible wing of the implant ofFIG. 19.

FIG. 30 shows a side view of a procedural sheath.

FIG. 31A shows a right side view of a delivery system for implanting theclosure device of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 31B is an enlarged view of section A of FIG. 31A.

FIG. 32 is a cross-sectional perspective view of the closure deviceattached to a distal tip of the delivery system of FIG. 31A.

FIG. 33A is an exploded perspective view showing a retaining sleeve,foot core, and extra-luminal pin of the system of FIG. 31A.

FIG. 33B shows a perspective view of the components shown in FIG. 33A inan assembled state with a wing and guidewire.

FIG. 33C shows the assembly of FIG. 33B together with a release sleeve.

FIG. 34A shows a perspective view of the retaining sleeve of the systemof FIG. 31A

FIG. 34B shows a partial side view of the foot core of the closuredevice of FIG. 1A, corresponding to the extra-luminal section of thefoot core.

FIG. 34C shows a cross-sectional side view of an interlocking connectionbetween the retaining sleeve, foot core, and release sleeve of thesystem of FIG. 31A.

FIG. 35 shows a side view of interior components of the handle of thedelivery system of FIG. 31A.

FIG. 36 shows a perspective view of a loading funnel.

FIG. 37 shows the funnel of FIG. 36, the closure device of FIG. 1A, anda shaft of the delivery system of FIG. 31A.

FIG. 38 shows the components shown in FIG. 37 with the closure devicedisposed within the funnel.

FIG. 39A shows a perspective view of another loading funnel.

FIG. 39B shows a cross-sectional perspective view of the loading funnelof FIG. 39A.

FIG. 39C shows a perspective view of the loading funnel of FIG. 39A.

FIG. 40A shows a perspective view of another loading funnel.

FIG. 40B shows an exploded view of the loading funnel of FIG. 40A.

FIG. 41A shows a perspective view of another loading funnel.

FIG. 41B shows a cross-sectional partial perspective view of the loadingfunnel of FIG. 41A.

FIG. 42A shows an exploded perspective view of the loading funnel ofFIG. 41A.

FIG. 42B shows a further exploded perspective view of the loading funnelof FIG. 41A.

FIG. 43A shows a perspective view of a split funnel body.

FIG. 43B shows a perspective view of a splittable funnel body with anotched wall.

FIG. 43C shows a side view of the funnel body of FIG. 43B.

FIG. 43D shows a rear view of the funnel body of FIG. 43B.

FIG. 43E shows a perspective view of a splittable funnel body with anotched wall and lead-in notch.

FIG. 43F shows a side view of the funnel body of FIG. 43E.

FIG. 43G shows a rear view of the funnel body of FIG. 43E.

FIG. 43H shows a perspective view of a staged funnel body.

FIG. 43I shows a side view of the staged funnel body of FIG. 43H.

FIG. 43J shows a perspective view of an offset funnel body.

FIG. 43K shows a side view of the offset funnel body of FIG. 43J.

FIG. 43L shows a perspective view of the offset funnel body of FIG. 43Jshowing the relative position of an implant prior to loading along aguidewire

FIG. 43M shows a side view of the arrangement of FIG. 43L.

FIG. 44 shows a guidewire being back-loaded to the foot core of theclosure device of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 45A shows insertion of the closure device of FIG. 1A being insertedinto a loading funnel.

FIG. 45B shows a cap and seal snapped to a funnel body of the loadingfunnel of FIG. 45A.

FIG. 46A shows a perspective view of the loading funnel of FIG. 45B,containing the closure device of FIG. 1A being inserted into a hub ofthe procedural sheath of FIG. 30.

FIG. 46B shows a cross-sectional side view of the loading funnel of FIG.45B, containing the closure device of FIG. 1A, inserted into the hub ofthe procedural sheath of FIG. 30.

FIG. 47A shows advancement of the delivery system of FIG. 31A and theclosure device of FIG. 1A down the procedural sheath of FIG. 30.

FIG. 47B shows advancement of the closure device of FIG. 1A and thedistal portion of the delivery system of FIG. 31A into an arteriallumen.

FIG. 48 shows the procedural sheath of FIG. 30 being withdrawn from theartery, with the artery shown in sectional side view.

FIG. 49A shows the arrangement of FIG. 48 with deployment of theextra-luminal pin of the closure device.

FIG. 49B shows the arrangement of FIG. 49A with the closure devicereleased from the delivery system.

FIG. 50 shows the arrangement of FIG. 49B after withdrawal of theprocedural sheath and delivery system from the tissue tract.

FIG. 51A shows a rotatable interlocking arrangement.

FIG. 51 B shows the interlocking arrangement of FIG. 51A in a disengagedstate.

FIG. 51C shows another interlocking arrangement in a disengaged state.

FIG. 51D shows another interlocking arrangement in a disengaged state.

FIG. 52 shows an exploded view of a handle portion of a delivery systemfor implanting a closure device.

FIG. 53 shows components of the handle portion of the delivery system ofFIG. 52.

FIG. 54A shows a cross-sectional view of the handle portion of thedelivery system of FIG. 52 in an initial state with a guidewire inplace.

FIG. 54B shows a cross-sectional view of the handle portion of thedelivery system of FIG. 52 with the guidewire being removed.

FIG. 54C shows a cross-sectional view of the handle portion of thedelivery system of FIG. 52 after removal of the guidewire.

FIG. 54D shows a cross-sectional view of the handle portion of thedelivery system of FIG. 52 after removal of the guidewire and depressionof a lock member.

FIG. 54E shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of a lock memberof the handle portion of the delivery system of FIG. 52 with the lockportion in a locked position.

FIG. 54F shows a cross-sectional view of the handle portion of thedelivery system of FIG. 52 at the onset of distal actuation of a thumbslider.

FIG. 55A shows a cross-sectional view of the handle portion of thedelivery system of FIG. 52 with the thumb slider moved to a distalposition.

FIG. 55B shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of the handleportion of the delivery system of FIG. 52 with the thumb slider moved tothe distal position.

FIG. 56a shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of the handleportion of the delivery system of FIG. 52 with the thumb slider in aproximal position.

FIG. 56B shows an enlarged partial cross-sectional view of the handleportion of the delivery system of FIG. 52 with the thumb slider moved tothe distal position.

FIG. 57A shows a cross-sectional view of the handle portion of thedelivery system of FIG. 52 at the onset of proximal actuation of thethumb slider.

FIG. 57B shows a cross-sectional view of the handle portion of thedelivery system of FIG. 52 with the thumb slider returned to theproximal position after both distal actuation and subsequent proximalactuation.

FIG. 57C shows a cross-sectional view of the handle portion of thedelivery system of FIG. 52 with the thumb slider moved to distalposition a second time.

FIG. 58 shows a packaged surgical closure device product.

FIGS. 59 and 60 show a loading funnel of the product of FIG. 58.

FIG. 61 shows an exploded view of components of a delivery system and aclosure device.

FIG. 62 shows components of a device after removal from a packaging trayof FIG. 58.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various example embodiments are described in detail herein. Theseembodiments generally share certain features in common. Accordingly, thevarious embodiments each share common features, except to the extentindicated otherwise. As such, for the sake of conciseness, thedescription of the common features is not repeated in connection withthe description of each described embodiment. Further, features that arethe same or analogous among the various embodiments are, in connectionwith some embodiments, given like reference numbers, but followed by aletter associated with the particular embodiment. For example, if anembodiment has an element 7, the corresponding or analogous element infurther embodiments would be designated 7 a, 7 b, 7 c, and so on. Forconvenience, the description of these features is not repeated inconnection with each embodiment; rather, it should be understood thatthe description of these features in connection with other embodiment(s)applies unless indicated otherwise.

As described herein, example embodiments of the present inventionprovide surgical closure systems, devices, and methods. As such,provided systems, devices, and methods are useful for closing aperforation (i.e., a hole, puncture, tear, rip, or cut, etc.) in anyhollow vessel associated with a mammalian surgical procedure. One ofordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the systems, devices, andmethods are useful for closing a perforation in any lumen of a mammal,including, for example, the gastrointestinal tract (e.g. the stomach,intestines, colon, etc.), heart, peritoneal cavity, esophagus, vagina,rectum, trachea, bronchi, or a blood vessel.

Although certain figures and embodiments relate to use of systems anddevices for closure of a perforation associated with vascular surgery,one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that components of aprovided device are not size dependent (i.e., are scalable) and aretherefore useful for closure of any perforation in a lumen of a mammal.

Some embodiments of the present invention are directed to a closuresystem, device, and method of percutaneous closure of an arteriotomyfollowing an endovascular/intra-arterial procedures.

One of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that many mammalianlumina are comprised of one or more friable tissues. Thus, a commondifficulty associated with surgical closure of a perforation in suchlumina is that suture material, used in typical closure systems, tendsto cause tears in the friable tissue. Such tearing of the luminal tissueimpedes healing and causes scarring. Indeed, such tearing of the friabletissues of the internal lumina of blood vessels can lead to scarring,dislodgment of tissue particles, blockage, or even eventual death of thepatient. In view of the fragile nature of luminal tissues, an aspect ofexample embodiments of the present invention is to provide systems,devices, and methods that allow a seal to be formed closure of a tissueperforation in a reliable manner with minimal trauma to the luminaltissue, for example, by providing a sutureless seal.

With regards to the arterial wall morphology, in the context of exampleembodiments directed to closing arterial perforations, the fibrousadventitial layer of an artery (i.e., the outer layer) is relativelytough, whilst the intimal and endothelial layers are friable. Because ofthe morphology of the arterial wall, an arteriotomy may becircumferential in nature and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis ofthe artery.

Closure Device

Referring to FIG. 1A, a percutaneous Vascular Closure Device (VCD) 5 isconfigured to provide relatively large vascular closures. An example ofan intended application of this device 5 is the percutaneous closure of12-30 F arteriotomies following endovascular/intraarterial procedures.In clinical practice, commonly targeted arteries may include, forexample, the common femoral artery, the subclavian artery, axillaryartery, ascending aorta, brachial artery, and other vessels used forendovascular access. At the conclusion of the interventional procedure,the implant or device 5 is percutaneously delivered into the artery 2via a procedural sheath 100 (illustrated, e.g. in FIG. 30) over aguidewire 150.

The device 5′ shown in FIG. 1B, differs from the device 5 only in thatthe device 5′ employs an extra-luminal pin 80 a that differs from anextra-luminal pin 80 of the device 5. In particular, referring to FIGS.7C and 7D, the extra-luminal pin 80 a has a slot 85 a to facilitate thepin 80 a being moved into its distal or deployed position, as describedin further detail herein, while the guidewire 150 remains in situ,whereas the extra-luminal pin 80 is configured to prevent full distalextension of the extra-luminal pin 80 when the guidewire 150 remains insitu. Aside from this difference, as well as the presence of theguidewire in certain views, the devices 5 and 5′ should be consideredidentical. Moreover, for the sake of conciseness, the description of thedevice 5 is considered interchangeable with the device 5′, except to theextent indicated otherwise.

FIGS. 1A to 1C illustrate final closure dynamics of the device 5, 5′ insitu in a sectioned artery 2, with FIG. 1A showing the device 5 afterremoval of the guidewire 150. The implant device 5, 5′ includes a bodyor foot core 20, a flexible wing 60, and the extra-luminal pin 80, 80 a.

All implant device components (e.g., the foot core 20, the flexible wing60, and the extra-luminal pin 80, 80 a in the illustrated examples ofFIGS. 1A to 1C) are manufactured from synthetic absorbable materials,although other suitable non-synthetic and/or non-absorbable materialsmay be used instead of, or in addition to, these synthetic absorbablematerials. The flexible wing 60, the foot core 20, and the extra-luminalpin 80, 80 a may each be manufactured from any suitable material, e.g.Polydioxanone (PDO), Poly-L-lactide (PLLA), Poly-D-lactide (PDLA), blendof D-lactide and L-lactide, i.e. poly-DL-lactide (PDLLA), Polyglycolide(PGA), blend of Poly-L-lactide and Polyglycolide (PLGA), ε-Caprolactone,Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG), magnesium alloy, 3-hydroxypropionic acid,Polyanhydrides, poly(saccharide)materials or combinations of these. Itshould be appreciated, however, that any one or more of the componentsof the implant device 5, 5′ may be formed of any suitable material.Moreover, some or all of the components of the device 5 may be made ofthe same or different materials relative to each other. The flexiblewing may be manufactured as a thin sheet, it may also be made of a wovenmaterial, e.g. using electrospinning, weaving and knitting processes.

FIGS. 1A to 1C represent each of these components in situ. Thearteriotomy seal is achieved in large part by the hydraulic haemodynamicpressure, which acts on the flexible wing 60 to force the flexible wing60 against the luminal surface and conform to the luminal topography toseal around the arteriotomy.

FIGS. 2A to 2D show the assembled implant 5 showing threecomponents—foot core 20, flexible wing 60, and extra-luminal pin 80.Although the example illustrated in FIGS. 2A to 2D consists of threepieces, it should be appreciated that more or few pieces may beprovided. For example, the flexible wing 60 may be integrally formedwith the foot 20 as a single, monolithic piece.

As illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2C, a guidewire 150 extends through theimplant 5. FIGS. 2B and 2D show the implant 5 after proximal retractionof the guidewire 150 and subsequent extension, or deployment, of theextra-arterial pin 80 to its distal, or deployed, position relative tothe foot core 20.

FIGS. 2A and 2C show the implant 5 with the extra-luminal pin 80 in aretracted or undeployed state, and FIGS. 2B and 2D show theextra-luminal pin 80 in a distally extended or deployed state.

The implant 5 is inserted into the artery 2 through a procedural sheath100 illustrated in FIG. 30 and over the guidewire 150, which extendsthrough the sheath 100 and into the intra-arterial space.

Referring, for example, to FIGS. 3A to 3D, the foot core 20 includesboth an intra-luminal section 25 which is configured to be maintained inthe interior of the artery 2, or other tissue structure, when theimplant 5 is in situ, and an extra-luminal section 40 which passesthrough the arteriotomy across the arterial wall when the implant 5 isin situ. The intra-luminal section 25 and the extra-luminal section 40are separated at a recess 22, which is configured to receive the wing 60such that a cylindrical recessed surface 23 is maintained inside acircular central cut-out or aperture 65 in the wing 60. The aperture 65is illustrated, for example, in FIGS. 6A and 6B.

It is noted that since some illustrated examples are provided in thecontext of an arteriotomy, the terms “intra-luminal” and “extra-luminal”may be referred to as “intra-arterial” and “extra-arterial” in thecontext of the illustrated embodiments, it being understood that thearteriotomy-closure application is non-limiting and the closure of anysuitable tissue aperture may be performed by example embodiments of thepresent invention.

The extra-luminal section 40 of the foot core 20 is provided in the formof a neck 42 which extends from the intra-luminal section 25 at anangle, e.g. selected from a range from 10° to 70°, and has five primaryfunctions:

1. Secure the flexible wing 60 within the recessed section 22. Thisrecessed section 22 also provides an effective seal between the flexiblewing 60 and foot core 20. In the example illustrated, e.g. in FIGS. 1Ato 1C, the flexible wing 60 is free to rotate within this recess 22. Itshould be understood, however, that the engagement of the wing 60 in therecess 22 may be provided such that the wing 60 is not rotatable withinthe recess 22.

2. Secures and allows release of the entire implant to a delivery systemvia interlock recesses 45 in the neck 42. This functionality isdescribed in further detail elsewhere herein.

3. Houses the extra-luminal pin 80 and secures it when deployed to itsfinal position.

4. Houses a guidewire channel or conduit 50. The guidewire channel 50 isillustrated, e.g. in FIG. 3D.

5. The 10°-70° incline on the neck in combination with the extra-luminalpin 80, or 80 a, also provides, e.g. for safety purposes, protectionagainst the implant being pushed off the luminal surface by applicationof extracorporeal pressure above the implantation site or due to patientmovements.

The intra-luminal section 25 of the foot core 20 has a primary functionto provide a rigid scaffold to support the flexible wing 60. Theunderside of the intra-luminal section 25 may be concave incross-section to reduce its profile within the artery 2 and has a hollowentry portion or port 52 of the guidewire channel 50 adjacent the neck42, shown in the sectioned foot core 20 of FIG. 3D.

FIGS. 4A to 4F show another foot core 20 a. This configuration has acircular intra-luminal portion 25 a in plan view and a concave surface30 a which is concave in cross-sectional profile within the artery 2.

It should be appreciated that many variations of the intra-luminalportion may be provided, only a limited number of which are shownherein. For example, FIGS. 5A to 5B show another foot core 20 b havingan intra-luminal portion 25 b that is generally rectangular in plan viewand includes a concave bottom surface.

The flexible wing 60, FIGS. 6A and 6B, is a thin disc sized to be largerthan the arteriotomy diameter (arteriotomy diameter is equivalent to theouter diameter of the delivery/procedural sheath 100). The central hole65 and disc portion are circular in shape, in plan view. It should beunderstood, however, that other geometries may be provided for the holeand/or the disk portion of the wing 60. The central hole 65 is sized toaccept recessed cylindrical surface 23 within the foot core 20'sflexible-wing retention recess 22 shown, e.g. in FIGS. 3A and 3B, and isfree to rotate relative to the foot core 20 about the concentric axis ofthe recessed cylindrical surface 23.

FIG. 6A shows the flexible wing 60 in its flat and relaxed state, andFIG. 6B shows the flexible wing 60 in its curved state, whichcorresponds to the final configuration within the artery 2. Thecurvature of the wing 60 shown in FIG. 6B corresponds to the curvatureof the interior of the artery to which the wing 60 conforms in its finalimplanted state. When implanted, the wing 60 is pressed against theartery interior wall by hemodynamic hydraulic pressure exerted by theblood in the artery 2. Although the wing 60 is flat, or planar, in itsrelaxed state, it should be appreciated that the wing 60 may be curvedor have any other suitable geometry in its relaxed state.

Referring, e.g. to FIGS. 1A to 1C, the flexible wing 60 is positionedwithin the artery 2 against the luminal surface 3 adjacent thearteriotomy and held in this position with the aid of the hemodynamichydraulic pressure it acts as the primary seal around the arteriotomy tocontrol bleeding. Referring to FIG. 1C, the wing 60 is illustratedslightly pulled away from the luminal surface 3 only to facilitateillustration.

In addition to elastically deforming to conform to the luminal surface 3of the artery 2, the flexible wing 60 also elastically deforms to fitwithin the procedural sheath 100 for delivery into the artery 2. This isachieved by rolling the wing 60 into a cylinder-like configuration. Oncewithin the artery 2, and beyond the procedural sheath 100, the flexiblewing 60 intrinsically recovers towards its flat state to allow thehemodynamic hydraulic pressure in the artery 2 to conform the wing 60 tothe shape of the arterial luminal and surface topography 3. In thisregard, the elasticity of the wing 60 allows the wing 60 deform locallyat differing areas of the luminal surface 3 of the artery 2. This allowsthe wing 60 to conform to local irregularities along the surface 3 toensure that the arteriotomy is adequately sealed despite suchirregularities.

The flexibility of the wing 60 is not just important in a lateralconfiguration to facilitate collapse during delivery, but it is alsoimportant to flex in a longitudinal plane. Flexibility in both lateraland longitudinal planes is important to ensure an effective seal aroundthe arteriotomy of arteries in differing disease states with differentsurface topographies and varying anatomical configurations. Longitudinalflex is facilitated by the configurations shown, e.g. in FIGS. 2A-5D, bythe flexible wing 60 and the foot core 20 being separate and distinctparts that are non-fixedly mated together. For example, since the wing60 is not fixed to the foot 20, it is able to separate from the uppersurface of the relatively rigid intra-luminal portion 25 of the footcore 20 at regions where the topography of the arterial surface 3deviates or is disposed at a greater distance from the upper surface ofthe intra-luminal portion 25 than at adjacent regions of the surface 3.

Although the wing 60 has a circular outer periphery, it should beunderstood that the wing 60 may be provided with any suitable geometry.Further, although the wing 60 has a uniform thickness, it should beunderstood that the wing 60 may be provided with a thickness that variesat different regions of the wing 60. For example, the wing 60 could havea thickness in its central region that is greater than a thicknesstoward the circumferential periphery of the wing 60.

FIGS. 7A and 7B shows an assembled implant 5 in cross section. FIG. 7Ashows the implant 5 in a state where the guidewire 150 would be in situ,as illustrated, e.g. in FIG. 32, or subsequent to removal of theguidewire 150. FIG. 7B shows the deployed implant 5.

The extra-luminal pin 80 is a safety feature of the closure system toprevent the implant being pushed off the luminal surface by applicationof extracorporeal pressure above the implantation site or due to patientmovements. The extra-luminal pin 80 in the illustrated example does notgenerally contribute to or form part of the sealing function of theimplant 5. The implant 5 will seal the arteriotomy in the absence of theextra-luminal pin 80 in accordance with some example embodiments. Theextra-luminal pin 80 is deflected parallel to the artery 2 wall as it isadvanced, as illustrated, e.g. in FIG. 7B. This deformation of theextra-luminal pin 80 helps secure it in its post deployment position.The pin 80 is also maintained in this position via a press fit betweenthe proximal portion 82 of the pin and the proximal recess 47 of thefoot core 20 into which the proximal portion 82 is pressed.

Depending on implant design and requirements, the extra-luminal pin 80may also be used to occlude the guidewire hole within the foot core 20when deployed, e.g. in a configuration such as illustrated in FIGS. 7Aand 7B, the pin 80 being illustrated in isolation in FIG. 7C. Whendeployed, as illustrated, e.g. in FIG. 7B, an enlarged proximal portion82 of the extra-luminal pin 80 blocks the guidewire channel 50. In itsproximal or retracted position, the pin 80 allows the guidewire 150 topass through channel 83 in the enlarged proximal portion 82. When thepin 80 is moved into its distal or deployed position, the channel 83does not align with the channel 50 in the foot core 20, thereby blockingthe channel 50. In the proximal or retracted position, the guidewire isable to pass through both channels 50 and 83 since the channels 50 and83 are sufficiently axially spaced apart.

It should be understood, however, that any other suitable mechanism maybe provided for closing the guidewire channel 50. For example, againreferring to FIGS. 7A and 7B, the formation of coagulated blood in theconically shaped entry portion 52 of the guidewire channel 50. Thecoagulated blood would then be pressed and locked into the narrowingconical geometry of the entry portion 52 by the hydraulic pressureexerted by the blood in the artery 2. To facilitate coagulation of theblood in the entry portion 52, the guidewire 150 may be left in placefor, e.g. several minutes (e.g. 4 to 5 minutes). The presence of theguidewire may, during this period, induce sufficient clotting of theblood to form the closure in the entry portion 52. Then, upon retractionof the guidewire 150, the coagulated blood would compress and collapseto fill the void left by the removal of the guidewire 150.

Although the illustrated entry portion 52 of the guidewire channel 50 isconical, it should be appreciated that any suitable geometry may beprovided. Referring to FIG. 7D, an alternative extra-luminal pin 80 a isshown with an additional slot 85 a to facilitate the pin 80 a beingmoved into its distal or extended position whilst the guidewire 150remains in place.

Some alternative embodiments to the extra-luminal pin 80 shown, e.g. inFIG. 7C, are shown in FIGS. 8A to 12B.

Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B, provided are a series of protrusions 80 cthat, in the radially extended position of FIG. 8B, engage theextra-arterial subcuticular tissue to prevent the implant from beingpushed forward. The protrusions 80 c are exposed and allowed to springinto their radially extended position by proximal retraction of an outershaft sleeve 84 c configured to radially constrain and cover theprotrusions 80 c when the outer shaft sleeve 84 c is in the distalposition illustrated in FIG. 8A.

FIGS. 9A and 9B show an extra-luminal pin 80 d attached to a suture 86d, which when pulled proximally, flips the pin forward to engage theextra-arterial subcuticular tissue to prevent the implant beinginadvertently pushed forward. The suture 86 d may include a series ofknots 87 d to lock and hold the pin 80 d in any desired angle betweenthe position shown in FIG. 9A and the position shown in FIG. 9B,depending on, e.g. tissue thickness and/or resistance. The suture 86 d,or any other suture described herein, may be formed of any suitablematerial. For example, any of the sutures described herein may beformed, in whole or in part, of a bio-absorbable material.

FIGS. 10A and 10B show an arrangement similar to that shown in FIGS. 9Aand 9B. In this arrangement, the extra-luminal pin 80 e is attached to asuture 86 e; however the pin 80 e has a pivot attachment or joint 81 eto connect to the foot core 20 e. By pulling the suture 86 e, the pinflips forward, via rotation about the pivot attachment 81 e, to engagethe extra-arterial subcuticular tissue of the artery 2 to prevent theimplant from being pushed forward. The suture 86 e may include a seriesof knots 87 e to lock and hold the pin 80 e in any desired angle betweenthe position shown in FIG. 10A and the position shown in FIG. 10B,depending on, e.g. tissue thickness and/or resistance.

FIGS. 11A and 11B show an arrangement that is similar to that of FIGS.10A and 10B, but without a suture. The pin 80 f has a pivot joint orattachment 81 f to the foot core 20 f activated by movement of an outershaft sleeve 84 f to engage the extra-arterial subcuticular tissue ofthe artery 2 to prevent the implant from being inadvertently pushedforward. The sleeve 84 f may engage an angled surface of the pin 80 f tobegin rotation of the pin 80 f about the pivot attachment 81 f. The pinmay be moved to the position shown in FIG. 11B by any suitablemechanism. For example, the pin 80 f may be spring biased toward theposition shown in FIG. 11B, with the sleeve 84 f, disengaging a latch,detent, or other mechanism that maintains the pin 80 f in the positionshown in FIG. 11A.

FIGS. 12A and 12B show an extra-luminal T-bar 80 g attached to the endof a suture 86 g, which when pulled proximally, engages the T-Bar 80 gwith the extra-arterial subcuticular tissue to prevent the implant frombeing inadvertently pushed forward. The suture 86 g may include a seriesof knots 87 g to lock and hold the pin 80 g in any desired angle orposition between the position shown in FIG. 12A and the position shownin FIG. 12B, depending on, e.g. tissue thickness and/or resistance.

FIGS. 13A to 18 show variations on the configuration of the foot core.

The foot core 20 h of FIG. 13A has the intra-luminal portion 25 hoff-set proximally, toward the rear of the neck section 42 h. Theintra-luminal portion 25 h is circular in shape but the extra-luminalportion 40 h meets the intra-luminal portion 25 h at a location that isnon-concentric to the circular cross-section of the intra-luminalportion 25 h. An advantage to this bias is that during delivery of theimplant, specifically, as the delivery device is withdrawn from theartery to position the implant against the arteriotomy, the biasedintra-luminal portion 25 h offers more security or overlap between theintra-luminal portion 25 h of the foot core 20 h and the distal woundedge of the arteriotomy to prevent inadvertent pull-out from the artery.

The foot core 20 i of FIG. 13B is similar to the foot core 20 h of FIG.13A, but with a larger angle between the intra-luminal section 25 i andthe neck 42 i of the implant. The larger angle has the advantage offurther encouraging the heel of the intra-arterial implant to remainwithin the artery 2 during withdrawal of the delivery device 60 andpositioning the implant against the lumen adjacent to the arteriotomy toprevent inadvertent pull-out from the artery 2. This assumes a constantwithdrawal angle of the delivery device (described in additional detailherein) of 60 degrees. However, a larger angle increases the toleranceon the withdrawal angle and still ensures the implant hooks or otherwiseengages the rear wall of the arteriotomy. The increase in angle betweenthe neck 42 i and intra-luminal foot section 25 i may be limited by whatwill reasonably fit through a loading funnel, which is described infurther detail elsewhere herein.

To increase the flexibility of use, for example, another variation is tomake the neck flexible. For example, FIG. 14 shows a foot core 20 j witha flexible neck 42 j. The neck 42 j of the implant transitions from around cross-section at its distal section to an elliptical cross-sectionat its proximal end. This allows the neck 42 j to flex during itsinsertion through the loading-funnel.

Further variations to that shown in FIG. 14 is to articulate the implantrelative to a delivery device as shown in FIGS. 51A to 51C. Theseconfigurations allow articulation between the delivery device and theimplant. Securement of the implant to the delivery device is achieved bysecuring paddles or interlock projections 165 k, 165 m of retainingtubes 160 k, 160 m of a delivery device in place in correspondinginterlock recesses 45 k, 45 m and preventing them from moving in alateral direction by providing an external sleeve, such as, e.g. arelease sleeve such as release sleeve 175 described in further detailherein.

The configuration of FIGS. 51A and 51B differs from that of FIG. 51C inthat the interlock recesses 45 k of FIGS. 51A and 51B extend laterallyentirely though the wall of the neck 42 k, whereas the recess 45 m ofFIG. 51C does not.

Further variations to impart flexibility to the implant neck is shown inFIGS. 15A and 15B. Here, the flexibility is imparted via a reduced crosssection in at least a portion of the neck 42 n, 42 p. The configurationof FIG. 15A differs from that of FIG. 15B in that FIG. 15A has a reducedcross-sectional geometry in only a portion its extra-luminal portion,whereas the configuration of FIG. 15B has a constant narrow crosssectional geometry along its extra-luminal portion.

FIG. 51D shows a variation on the attachment of the implant to thedelivery device. In particular, the interlock projections 165 r of theretaining sleeve 160 r have hooked portions that extend laterallyinwardly to engage recesses 45 r.

FIG. 16 shows a further embodiment of the foot core. This configurationdiffers in that the foot core 20 t has no retaining feature to securethe flexible-wing to the foot core 20 t. That is, the foot core 20 tdoes not have a recess or any other particular mechanism configured toretain the wing 60 on the foot core 20 t. In this example, the flexiblewing 60 may be secured by an interference fit between the foot core'sneck 42 t and the central opening 65 within the flexible wing 60. Thismay facilitate the assembly of the flexible wing 60 onto the foot core20 t.

Referring to FIGS. 17A to 17C, a further variation of this concept is toassemble the flexible wing 60 onto the neck 42 u of the foot-core 20 uand then secure the wing 60 in place by the addition of a through pin orthe further assembly of a collar 195 u with an interference fit betweenthe collar 195 u and foot core's neck 42 u. The collar 195 u may furtherbe secured by one or more projections configured to engage withcorresponding one or more recesses in neck section 42 u.

FIG. 18 provides another extra-luminal pin 80 w. In this example, anadditional feature to secure the extra-luminal pin 80 w within the footcore 20 w is to incorporate a taper lock when the enlarged proximal orrear portion 82 w of the extra-luminal pin 80 w engages with the footcore 20 w.

The conical taper lock between the extra-luminal pin 80 w and the footcore 20 w relies, in this example, on the foot core taper being at alesser angle than the taper on the mating surfaces of the extra-luminalpin 80 w. This taper-lock not only enhances the lock between the twocomponents 80 w, 20 w once positioned relative to each other, but alsoimproves the potential fluid seal between the two components withrespect to sealing the guidewire channel 50 w.

Referring to FIGS. 19 to 27, a further closure device or implant 5 yincludes all of the features of the other closure devices, e.g. closuredevice 5, except to the extent indicated otherwise.

The closure device 5 y includes a foot core 20 y having a profile thatis “hybrid” in that it shares geometric features with both a round footcore, such as, e.g. the foot core 20 a shown in FIG. 4A, and anelongated foot core, such as, e.g. the elongated foot core 20 shown inFIG. 3C. Referring for example, to FIG. 27, the hybrid foot core 20 yhas rounded portions 56 y and projecting portions 57 y.

The rounded portions 56 y extend around the portion of the foot core 20y that extends through the flexible wing 60 to provide increased lateralsurface area of the foot core 20 y, adjacent the opening in the wing 60and the arteriotomy to be sealed. This region of increased lateralsurface area provides for a greater sealing between, e.g. the foot core20 y and the wing 60.

The projecting portions 57 y give the intra-luminal portion of thehybrid foot core 20 y an elongated shape. This elongated shape furtherlimits the ability of the foot core from being inadvertently pulled backthrough the arteriotomy when the operator is setting the closure device5 y in into its implanted position.

Thus, the hybrid foot core 20 y may provide the sealing advantages of awide or rounded foot core as well as the setting benefits of anelongated foot core.

The geometry of the hybrid foot core 20 y provides support to the arteryin both a longitudinal direction and transverse direction. Although thefoot core 20 k has a circular central region, it should be understoodthat any suitable widened geometry, e.g. oval, square, rectangularand/or polygonal, with rounded and/or sharp corners. This central regionprovides a flaring out of the profile of the intra-luminal portion ofthe foot core 20 k in the region where the neck of the foot core 20 kpasses through the flexible wing 60.

In a manner analogous to that of the device 5 illustrated, e.g. in FIGS.7A and 7B, the pin 80 y may be used to occlude the guidewire hole withinthe foot core 20 y when deployed, e.g. in a configuration such asillustrated in FIG. 21. When deployed, as illustrated, e.g. in FIG. 21,an enlarged proximal portion 82 y of the extra-luminal pin 80 y blocksthe guidewire port or channel 50 y. In its proximal or retractedposition, the pin 80 y allows the guidewire to pass through channel 83 yin the enlarged proximal portion 82 y. When the pin 80 y is moved intoits distal or extended position, the channel 83 y does not align withthe channel 50 y in the foot core 20 y, thereby blocking the channel 50y. In the proximal or retracted position, the guidewire is able to passthrough both channels 50 y and 83 y since the channels 50 y and 83 y aresufficiently axially spaced apart.

Referring, for example, to FIG. 25, the channel 83 y in the pin 80 y iselongated to allow for increased freedom of movement of the guidewirewithin the channel 83 y.

FIGS. 28A to 28B show a front perspective view of a foot core 20 z thatdiffers from the foot core 20 y in that the lateral portions 56 z arepartially flattened to provide a reduced width. This flattening orfacing results in two flat surfaces 58 z. By reducing the width of thefoot core 20 z relative to the foot core 20 y, greater clearance isprovided between the foot core 20 z and the loading funnel 396 orloading cannula 335 described in further detail herein. This allows alarger diameter or thicker flexible wing 60 to be loaded by facilitatingmore clearance and hence, a larger amount of the flexible wing 60 tooverlap within the loading funnel and loading cannula thereby reducingthe potential for premature and unfavorable interaction between thefootcore and overlapping flexible wing.

Nevertheless, the foot core 20 z may provide similar benefits to therounded portions 56 y due to the lateral projection of the portions 56 zrelative to the width of the lateral portions 56 z relative to the widthof the projecting portions 57 z. As with the foot core 20 y, thisincreased width is provided at a location adjacent the location wherethe extra-luminal portion 40 z extends through the aperture in theflexible wing 60.

Thus, the foot core 20 z reduces the width of the lateral projections,but only to an extent that does not substantially affect the sealingbetween, e.g. the foot core 20 z and the wing 60.

As with the foot core 20 y, the foot core 20 z may provide the sealingadvantages of a widened or rounded foot core as well as the settingbenefits of an elongated foot core.

Referring to FIG. 29, which is not drawn to scale, the wing 60 includesan anterior surface 61, which contacts the luminal surface of the arterywhen implanted, and a posterior surface 64, which faces the lumen of theartery and the blood flow when implanted.

The anterior surface 61 and/or the posterior surface 64 is provided withan altered wettability, i.e., a change in surface energy from thenative, e.g. smooth, surface finish. This change in wettability may beprovided in the form of electrical charge, surface texture, proteinattachment, mechanical scraping, chemical etching, laser etching and/orother etching, shot blasting (using various shot media), plasmadischarge, manufacturing process that encourage functional end groups atthe surface, and/or any other suitable form. This change in surfaceenergy encourages cell (or thrombocyte) attachment or adhesion directlyor via protein attachment, extracellular matrix and/or adhesion moleculeto the luminal surface of the flexible-wing or, conversely, discouragecell or protein attachment. In the illustrated example, the wettabilityof the anterior surface 61 is increased in order to encourage attachmentor adhesion. Cellular attachment or platelet aggregation on the luminalsurface 61 of the flexible wing 60 aids and expedites sealing as well asanchoring the intra-arterial implant. This change in surface energy alsoencourages the adhesion, via a change to the surface tension of themodified material, to the surrounding soft tissue.

Referring to example embodiment of FIG. 29, the anterior surface 61 ofthe wing 60 is roughened, e.g. abraded, to created grooves or channels62 having a depth 63 on the order of, for example, 1-100 μm. In someexamples, the depth may be on the order of 7-10 μm. It should beunderstood, however, that the depth 63 may fall within a substantiallylarger, smaller, and/or different range. The area of abrasion may becontinuous or provided in a patterned arrangement. These channels orgrooves 62 facilitate cell attachment (e.g. leukocytes, erythrocytes andparticularly thrombocytes) and aggregation. As indicated above, thisaggregation of cell promotes thrombogenesis which also forms anattachment to the luminal wall of the artery above the wing 60. Thiscellular attachment to both the artery wall and anterior surface of thewing 60 may act as a secondary seal. The cellular attachment to thesurface 61 of the wing 60 may occur, for example within seconds of thewing 60 being implanted.

The posterior surface 64 is relatively flat in the illustrated example.It should be understood, however, that the posterior surface 64 may beprovided with a texture in some example embodiments. Further theposterior surface 64 may be provided with any other mechanism of alteredwettability, either increased or decreased, as may be suitable.

Delivery System for Delivering the Closure Device

The closure device 5 is designed to be delivered into the artery 2, orother suitable location, via the procedural sheath 100 used in theinterventional procedure over a guidewire 150 in the illustratedexamples. Hence, the delivery sequence may start with the sheath 100 andguidewire 150 in situ within the vessel 2. The procedural sheath 100 ofthe illustrated example includes a hub 110 containing a valve andtypically a side arm 120, as illustrated, e.g. in FIG. 30. Inparticular, FIG. 30, shows an 18 F introducer sheath 100 having hub 110with valves and side-arm 120.

The side arm 120 may be used, for example, to inject contrast to confirmthe position of the sheath 100 relative to the arteriotomy or pressuredsaline to prevent the sheath 100 from back filling with blood. The valveassembly within the hub 110 is provided to allow the introduction ofdevices of varying diameters into the sheath 100 and prevents blood lossthrough the rear of the sheath 100. The guidewire 150, which extendsthrough the longitudinal lumen of the sheath 100, is provided as asafety feature which allows percutaneous re-access to the arterial lumenas a contingency if needed.

Referring to FIGS. 31A and 31B, a delivery system 1 includes a deliverydevice 90. The delivery device 90 has a handle 93 at its proximal endand a flexible shaft 92, which attaches to the implant 5 at the distalend. FIGS. 31A and 31B show the implant attached at distal end of thedelivery device and within artery 2.

The shaft 92 includes three flexible concentric slidable tubes 155, 160,175. The inner tube (pusher-tube 155, illustrated in FIG. 7A) isconfigured to push the extra-luminal pin 80 from its proximal deliveryposition, as shown, e.g. in FIG. 2A, to its distal post deploymentposition, as shown, e.g. in FIG. 2B. The pusher-tube 155 has an internaldiameter sized to accept the guidewire 150. The middle tube(retaining-sleeve 160) and outer tube (release-sleeve 175) incombination retain and release the implant which is attached to thedistal end of the delivery system as shown in FIGS. 33A to 33C.

Referring to FIG. 35, the handle 93 is attached to the proximal end ofthe shaft 93 and is used to control the relative position of the implant5, push the extra-luminal pin 80 and release the implant 5. As shown inFIG. 35, the handle 93 has its right-hand-side external cover removedfrom the mated left-hand-side cover 94 to expose the internal componentsof the handle 93.

Handle components: With reference to FIG. 35, the thumb button 180activates the push-tube 155 to push forward the extra-luminal pin 80.The retaining-sleeve anchor 169 anchors the retaining-sleeve 160 to thehandle 93 in a fixed position. The release-sleeve hub 177 connects therelease sleeve 175 to a slide switch 185, which when slid proximally orbackwards pulls the release sleeve 177 backwards or proximally relativeto the retaining sleeve 160 to release the implant 5.

FIG. 52 shows another handle 200 configured to be mated to the shaft 92in manner analogous to the handle 93. The handle 200 includes: a firsthousing portion 205, a second housing portion 210, a guidewire extensiontube 215, a pusher tube hub 220, a retaining sleeve hub 225, a releasesleeve hub 230, a lock member 240, and a thumb slider 250.

The thumb slider 250 is configured to move along a linear guidewayformed by housing 203, which includes the first and second housingportions 205 and 210. In particular, the thumb slider 250 is configuredto move, due to, e.g. manual actuation by the thumb of a human operator,between a first position and a second position. The first position isshown, for example, in FIGS. 54A to 54F, and the second position isshown, for example, in FIGS. 55A to 55C.

The guidewire 150 runs through the pusher tube 155 and through thehandle, including through the guidewire extension tube 215 and out theproximal or rear end of the handle 200. The guidewire extension tube 215is supported by support ribs 216 of the housing 203.

The handle 200 is configured such that movement of the thumb slider 250from the first position to the second position causes the extra-luminalpin 80 of the implant 5 to move from its proximal delivery position asshown, e.g. in FIG. 2A to its distal post deployment position as shown,e.g. in FIG. 2B.

The lock member 240 is configured to prevent the deployment of theextra-luminal pin 80 prior to removal of the guidewire 150 from thedelivery device. The lock member 240 is configured to be pressedtransversely into the housing 203 from a first position illustrated, forexample, in FIG. 54B, to a depressed second position illustrated, forexample, in FIG. 54D when the user wishes to unlock the thumb slider250.

Referring to FIG. 53, the lock member 240 includes a projection 248 thatis received in a corresponding recess 213, illustrated in FIG. 52, ofthe housing 203. When the projection 248 is received in the recess 213,the lock member 240 is prevented from being depressed. In order todepress the lock member 240, the projection 248 must be moved out ofengagement with the recess 213. This mechanism prevents, or at leastreduces the likelihood of, inadvertent depression of the lock member 240prior to insertion of the guidewire—for example, when the device isremoved from its packaging, which is described in additional detailbelow.

In order for the operator to move the projection 248 out of engagementwith the recess 213, the user applies a proximally directed force to thelock member 240. The lock member 240 includes a pair of slots 241 and242 that allow a portion 247 between the slots 241 to bend or flex withrespect to the remainder of the lock member 240 when the operatorapplies the proximally directed force. Since the projection 248 isdisposed on the portion 247, this bending of the portion 247 causes theprojection 248 to move out of engagement with the recess 213, therebyallowing the lock member 240 to be depressed.

When the lock member 240 is in the non-depressed first position, alocking tab 244 extends into a space in the thumb slider 250 adjacent alocking surface 252, such that the interface between the locking tab 244of the lock member 240 and the locking surface of the thumb slider 250forms a positive stop to prevent the thumb slider 250 from movingaxially away from the lock member 240. Since the lock member 250 isconstrained to the housing 203 in a fixed axial position, the positivestop between the lock member 240 and the thumb slider 250 prevents thethumb slider 250 from being slid forward to its distal position, thuspreventing the corresponding actuation of the extra-luminal pin 80 intoits deployed position.

In order to unlock the thumb slider 250 to allow deployment of theextra-luminal pin 80, the user depresses the lock member 240 to move thelock member from its first position to its depressed second position,illustrated, for example, in FIG. 54E. In the depressed position, thelocking tab 244 moves out of engagement with the thumb slider 250, suchthat the locking surface 252 of the thumb slider 250 does not contactthe locking tab 244 of the lock member 240 as the thumb slider 250 ispressed and moved forward or distally to thereby deploy theextra-luminal pin 80.

To prevent the lock member 240 from being depressed prior to removal ofthe guidewire 150, the lock member 240 is provided with a through hole243 through which the guidewire 150 passes during positioning of theimplant 5. When the guidewire 150 extends through the through hole 243,as illustrated in FIGS. 54A and 54B, the lock member 240 is preventedfrom being depressed, since the guidewire 150 engages the through hole243 to block the lock member 240 from moving laterally with respect tothe guidewire and into the depressed position.

Although the lock member 240 is provided with a through hole in theillustrated example, it should be understood that any suitable geometry,e.g. a slot, notch, and/or flat surface, may be provided to engage theguidewire 150 and thereby block movement of the lock member 240.

FIG. 54B shows the guidewire 150 being removed from the device in thedirection of the arrow superimposed on the housing 203, until theguidewire 150 is fully withdrawn as illustrated in FIG. 54C. After theguidewire 150 is withdrawn, the guidewire 150 no longer extends throughthe through hole 243, as illustrated, e.g. in FIG. 54C. Thus, the lockmember 240 is no longer prevented from being depressed.

Referring to FIG. 54E, the lock member 240 includes a projection 246that engages a first recess 201 when the lock member 240 is in the firstposition and that engages a second recess 202 when the lock member 240is in the depressed second position. This engagement allows the lockmember 240 to be retained in the respective first and second positions,but allows movement upon application of a force sufficient to overcomethe engagement. Thus, the projection 246 and the recesses 201 and 202function as detent mechanisms.

After the lock member 240 is depressed to disengage the lock member 244from the thumb slider 250, as illustrated, e.g. in FIG. 54D, the usermay slide the thumb slider 250 distally, in the direction illustrated bythe arrow in FIG. 54F, until the slider reaches its distal secondposition, as illustrated, for example, in FIG. 55A.

This distal movement of the thumb slider 250 results in deployment ofthe extra-luminal pin 80. As with the handle 93, the handle 200 achievesthe actuation of the extra-luminal pin 80 from its delivery position toits deployed position by distally pushing the pusher tube 155. Inparticular, the proximal end of the pusher tube 155 is attached to thepusher tube hub 220, which is in turn coupled to the thumb slider 250.Thus, as the thumb slider 250 moves distally or forward, the pusher tubehub 220 is also moved distally or forward, thereby also moving thepusher tube 155 forward to push the extra-luminal pin 80 from itsproximal position to its extended deployed position.

Referring to FIGS. 52 and 53, the pusher tube hub 220 includes grooves221 that receive respective corresponding linear guide ribs orprojections 206 in the housing 203 to function as a linear slide. One ofthe guide ribs 206 is illustrated as part of the first housing portion205, the second housing portion 210 being essentially identical, butmirrored, with respect to the first housing portion 205. The pusher tubehub 220 also includes a projection 222 that is received in acorresponding recess or groove 251 of the thumb slider 250 to constrainthe projection 222 and thereby transfer proximal and distal motion ofthe thumb slider 250 to the pusher tube hub 220.

As the thumb slider 250 and the pusher tube are pushed distally relativeto the housing 203, the retaining sleeve 160 and the release sleeve 175remain stationary with relative to the housing. Thus, the pusher tube155 is pushed relative to the retaining sleeve 160 and the releasesleeve 175, and therefore also relative to the implant 5 supported bythe retaining sleeve 160 and the release sleeve 175.

The retaining sleeve 160 is maintained in its stationary positionrelative to the housing 203 by being mounted in a retainer hubcompartment 207 of the housing 203, as illustrated, for example, inFIGS. 52 and 54A. In the illustrated example, the retaining sleeve ismaintained in a stationary position relative to the housing 203 duringall stages of operation of the surgical system. It should be understoodhowever, that the retaining sleeve may be configured to move relative tothe housing during one or more stages of operation of the system.

The release sleeve 175 is maintained in its stationary position relativeto the housing 203 during the forward movement of the thumb slider 250by distal and proximal stops of the housing 203 that engage the releasesleeve hub 230 to constrain distal and proximal movement, respectively.The distal stop is formed by a projection or wall 209 of the housing203, as illustrated, e.g. in FIG. 55B, while the proximal stop is formedby a hub lock 208 of the housing 203, as illustrated, e.g. in FIGS. 56Aand 56B.

Referring to FIG. 53, a front face 231 of the release sleeve hub 230contacts the distal stop and projections 232 contact the proximal stop.In the illustrated example, two projections 232 engage a pair ofrespective hub locks 208; however, it should be understood than anynumber of projections 232, including a single projection 232 may beprovided to engage any number of hub locks 208, including a single hublock 208.

After deployment of the intra-luminal pin 80, the next procedural stepis to release the implant 5 from the delivery device. In order to do soin the illustrated example, the user needs to move the release sleeve175 proximally relative to the retaining sleeve 160. The mechanism forreleasing the implant 5 upon the relative motion between the releasesleeve 175 and the retaining sleeve 160 is described in further detailelsewhere in the present description.

In order to move the release sleeve 175 proximally relative to theretaining sleeve 160, which remains stationary relative to the housing203, (a) the proximal lock, which is the hub lock 208 in the illustratedexample, must be disengaged from the release sleeve hub and (b) thethumb slider 250 engages the release sleeve hub 230 such that proximalmovement of thumb slider 250 relative to the housing 203 causescorresponding movement of the release sleeve hub 230, and therefore alsothe release sleeve 175, relative to the housing 203 and the retainingsleeve 160.

Referring to FIGS. 53, 56A, and 56B, the thumb slider 250 includes apair of cam sliders 253 that engage the respective hub locks 208 as thethumb slider 250 approaches its distal second position. In particular,the distal advancement of the ramped or sloped surfaces 254 a of the camsliders 253 causes the hub locks 208 to move laterally and clear of theprojections 232 of the release sleeve hub 230. Continued distaladvancement of the thumb slider 250 causes the hub locks 208 to slidealong flat surfaces 254 b of the respective cam sliders 253 to maintainthe hub locks 208 in their disengaged positions.

The hub locks 208 may be configured as cantilevered projections from thehousing 203 that flex in the lateral direction in the manner of a leafspring, while maintaining sufficient rigidity in the axial direction toresist proximal movement of the release sleeve hub 230 when engagedtherewith. Moreover, any other suitable proximal locking mechanism maybe provided.

After the hub locks 208 are moved out of alignment with the projections232 of the release sleeve hub 230, a clip member 255, which slides overa ramped or sloped surface 233 of the release sleeve hub 230, latcheswith the release sleeve hub 230 by engaging with distally facing latchsurface 234 of the release sleeve hub 230.

After latching of the thumb slider 250 to the release sleeve hub 230,the operator moves the thumb slider 250 proximally to a proximal thirdposition in the direction of the arrow shown in FIG. 57A, to retract therelease sleeve hub 230 and the release sleeve 175 to the position shownin FIG. 57B. Although in the illustrated example, the proximal thirdposition of the thumb slider corresponds to the proximal first positionof the thumb slider, it should be understood that the first and thirdpositions may be different.

The cam surfaces 254 a and 254 b are of sufficient length in theillustrated example to maintain the disengaged position of the hub locks208 until the proximally directed faces of the projections 232 of therelease sleeve hub 230 have proximally cleared the distally facing stopsurfaces of the hub locks 208.

When the device is in the state illustrated in FIG. 57B, the implant 5is released from the end of the delivery device via the proximalmovement of the release sleeve 175 relative to the retaining sleeve 60.

The thumb slider 250 further includes a projection 256 that engages acorresponding recess 212 in the housing 203 when the thumb slider 250 isin the proximal position. This engagement allows the lock member 240 tobe retained in the respective first and second positions, but allowsmovement upon application of a force sufficient to overcome theengagement. Thus, the projection 256 and the recess 212 function as adetent mechanism.

Prior to withdrawal of the distal end of the delivery device, the thumbslider 250 may be again moved distally, to a fourth position, asillustrated in FIG. 57C. Moving the thumb slider 250 to the distalfourth position causes the release sleeve 175 to move distally withrespect to the retaining sleeve 160, which causes the distal end of therelease sleeve 175 to at least partially cover the interlockingprojections 165 of the retaining sleeve 160, which are illustrated, forexample, in FIG. 33A. Re-covering or re-sheating these projections 165may be advantageous to reduce the risk of trauma to the surroundingtissue as the delivery device is withdrawn from the percutaneous tissuetract.

Although in the illustrated example, the distal fourth position of thethumb slider corresponds to the distal second position of the thumbslider, it should be understood that the first and third positions maybe different.

To facilitate passage of the release sleeve hub 230 distally past thehub locks 208, the release sleeve hub 230 may be provided with ramped orsloped chamfer surfaces 236, which are illustrated in FIG. 53. Thesesurfaces 236, which slope downwardly as they extend distally along therelease sleeve hub 230, engage the hub locks 208 as the release sleevehub 230 is moved distally in order to move raise the hub locks 208 toprevent the hub locks 208 from axially blocking the projections 232 ofthe release sleeve hub 230.

The shaft 92 is designed to push the implant 5 down the proceduralsheath 100 into the artery 2 and allow control of the implant's relativeposition by the user from the handle 93.

Implant retention and release: Referring, e.g. to FIGS. 33A to 33C, tosecure the implant 5 on the distal tip of the delivery device 90, twoprofiled interlock projections 165 which extend from the retainingsleeve 160 engage into the implant's matching interlock recesses 45 inthe neck 42 of the foot core 20. To ensure the profiled projections 165remain engaged with the foot core 20, a release-sleeve 175 is positionedin a distal or forward location, as illustrated in FIG. 33C, to preventthe projections 165 from moving laterally outwardly.

To release the implant 5 from the distal tip of the delivery device 90,the release-sleeve 175 is slid back to expose the interlock projections165 on the retaining-sleeve 160. The tip of the retaining-sleeve 160 issplit longitudinally, via longitudinal splits or notches 167, to allowlateral movement of the interlocking projections 165, and the rearshoulders of interlocking recesses 45 on the foot core 20 may be ramped,as illustrated, e.g. in FIGS. 34A to 34B, to facilitate release of theimplant 5 by pulling the delivery device 90 away from the implant 5. Itshould be understood, however, that any suitable geometry may beprovided, e.g. a perpendicular edge, under-cut, etc, to mate withappropriate geometries of the interlocking projections 165.

Further, mating surfaces of the interlock projections 165 and theinterlocking recesses 45 may be provided with one or more radialprotrusions that engage with one or more corresponding radial recesses.For example, an interlocking projection 165 may include a plurality ofradial protrusions that engage a corresponding plurality of radialrecesses of a mated interlocking recess 45, or the interlocking recess45 could be provided with the radial protrusions that mate withcorresponding radial recesses of the interlocking projection 165.Further, the interlocking recess 45 could have at least one recess andat least one protrusion, the at least one recess and the at least oneprotrusion respectively mating with corresponding at least oneprotrusion and at least one recess of the interlocking recess 45. Thesevarious surface recess/protrusion configurations may provide a highlevel of securement (e.g. in the axial direction) between theinterlocking projections 165 and the interlocking recesses 45. Moreover,these various surface recess/protrusion configurations may be providedalone or in combination with other interlocking mechanisms between theinterlocking projections 165 and the interlocking recesses 45.

Although the interlocking projections 165 extend straight along thelength of the retaining sleeve 160, it should be appreciated that theprojections 165 may be flared outwardly, such that retraction of therelease sleeve 175 allows the interlock projections 165 to springoutwardly away from their interlocking engagement with the interlockrecesses 45.

Referring to FIG. 36, the loading funnel 95 is used to compress theflexible wing 60 of the implant into a cylindrical shape to allow it tofit within the procedural sheath 100 for delivery. The loading funnel 95is also used to insert the compressed implant and delivery system intothe procedural sheath 100 through the sheath's valve, as shown in FIG.30. The loading funnel 95, in accordance with some exemplaryembodiments, is used immediately prior to delivery to avoid storage ofthe flexible wing 60 in the compressed state and potentially taking amemory set shape in the compressed form.

The loading funnel in the illustrated example includes four componentsnamely, the funnel or funnel body 96, cap 97, seal 98, and seal-retainer99 shown in FIG. 36. It should be understood however that the loadingfunnel may have more or fewer components.

The cap 97 and seal 98 are pre-loaded on the shaft 92 of the deliverydevice 90 proximal to the implant 5. The funnel 96 is advanced over theimplant 5, large opening end first, to compress the wing 60 into acylindrical shape as the tapered section of the funnel 96 is advancedover the implant 5. The funnel 96 is advanced until the implant 5 isresident in the cylindrical section 130 of the funnel 96. FIG. 37 showsthe relative positions of the funnel body 96, cap 97, and seal 98 to theimplant 5 and shaft 92 of the delivery device 90 during advancement ofthe funnel 96 relative to the implant 5.

Once the implant 5 is disposed in the cylindrical section 130 of thefunnel 96, the cap 97 is now attached to the funnel 96, which forms aseal with the delivery device's shaft 92.

FIG. 38 shows the relative position of the implant 5 within the funnel96 after being loaded therein.

Loading funnel configurations: The loading funnel 95 in a very simpleform may be a tapered funnel. However, to encourage the flexible wing 60to fold when loaded into the funnel body 96, an alternative option is toprovide a funnel body 96 a that includes a protrusion 132 a along thetapered section 131 a which extends into the cylindrical section 130 a,as shown in FIGS. 39A to 39C. With this option, the loading funnel 95 ais positioned relative to the flexible wing 60 to encourage one side ofthe wing 60 to be lifted above the opposite leaflet of the wing 60during insertion.

Referring to FIGS. 40A and 40B, a third option is to have a splittablefunnel 96 b for removal from the shaft 92 of the delivery device 90 oncethe implant 5 is delivered through the procedural sheath hub 110 andvalve. Once the implant 5 is within the procedural sheath 100, thefunnel 95 b may be withdrawn from the sheath valve, its cap 97 b thenremoved, and the funnel body or section 96 b may then be opened, viaseparation of two subparts connected at split line 134 to remove thefunnel body 96 b from the shaft 92 of the delivery device 90.

The above-described loading funnel concepts require the cap 97, 97 a, 97b to be pre-loaded onto the shaft 92 of the device 1 proximal to theimplant 5 and the funnel 96, 96 a, 96 b to be advance over the implant 5and shaft 92. Referring to FIGS. 41A and 41B, a fourth concept is tohave the funnel 95 c pre-loaded onto the shaft 92, proximal to theimplant 5, and advance the funnel 95 c distally over the implant 5 tocompress the flexible wing 60 into the cylindrical section 130 c andinto the cannula section 135 c of the loading funnel 95 c. The taperedsection 131 c and cylindrical section 130 c of the funnel body 96 c iscompletely removable from the cannula 135 c, as illustrated in FIG. 42A.The loading cannula 130 a is cylindrical in shape and is used to insertthe implant 5 and device 90 through the procedural sheath valve and intothe procedural sheath 100 for delivery into the artery 2. The deliverycannula 130, 130 a and 135 c may be chamfered at it distal end to assistin penetrating the valve at the rear of the procedural sheath 100. Asillustrated in FIG. 42A the funnel body 96 c has been removed afterloading the implant 5 into loading cannula 135 c.

FIG. 42B shows the components of the loading funnel 95 c, includingloading cannula 135 c, detachable funnel 96 c, end cap 97 c, seal 98 c,and seal retainer 99 c. The loading cannula 135 c and detachable funnel96 c form the funnel body 95 c in this example. The proximal end of thedelivery cannula 135 c is adapted to form a seal around the shaft 92 ofthe device 90 but allow the shaft 92 to axially slide relative to thecannula 135 c. This configuration of loading funnel 95 c also has theadvantage of protecting the implant 5 during storage and handling of thedevice 90.

FIGS. 43A to 43M show alternative funnel bodies 96 d, 96 e, 96 f, 96 g,and 96 h. These funnel bodies 96 d, 96 e, 96 f, 96 g, and 96 h may beused in connection with, for example, the preloaded loading funnel 95 cshown in FIG. 41A, in place of funnel body 96 c, or in place of any ofthe other funnel bodies recited herein.

Referring to FIG. 43A, the detachable funnel section or body 96 dincludes a longitudinal split 140 d to facilitate removal of the funnelsection from the guidewire 150. This split 140 d may be adiscontinuation of the component to provide a gap, or allow a gap to beformed (e.g. via flexing of the funnel body 96 d) for the guidewire 150to pass there through during removal. This split may also be formed byphysical removal of a strip of material from the funnel wall, forexample as a peelable strip.

Referring to FIGS. 43B to 43D, the funnel body 96 e includes a weakenedor notched section 145 e that allows the funnel wall, in this example,to have a continuous integral internal surface which can easily be splitalong the weakened or notched section 145 e. In the illustrated example,the weakened section is provided as a longitudinally extending groove orchannel that weakens the structure of the funnel wall. The weakened ornotched section 145 e may be split, for example, by manual exertion offorce by an operator.

The open split arrangement of FIG. 43A and the weakened wall arrangementof FIGS. 43B to 43D may, in some examples, be notched at the beginningof the splits or pre-split weakened portions to allow ease of locatingthe guidewire into the split, e.g. to facilitate relative movement ofthe guidewire from the inner lumen of the funnel body to the exterior ofthe funnel body via the split.

For example, referring to FIGS. 43E TO 43G, a split funnel body 96 f,which includes features analogous to the split funnel body 140 d of FIG.43A, further includes a notch 142 f, which is continuous with the split140 f.

It should be appreciated that a split or splittable funnel body conceptis applicable to any funnel arrangement in the context of the presentinvention. Further, although the splits or split lines of theillustrated examples are coplanar with the longitudinal axes of therespective funnel bodies, it should be appreciated that the split orsplit line may be non-coplanar and/or have an irregular path.

Moreover, although the illustrated examples include a single split orsplit line, it should be appreciated that multiple splits or split linesor any combination of splits and split lines may be provided. Further, arespective split line may be split at one or more locations along thelength of the split line and weakened so as to be splittable at one ormore other locations along the split.

Other mechanisms for removing the funnel body may include, for example,cutting or tearing the funnel body, e.g. with a cutting tool, in thepresence or absence of predetermined split lines such as the split linesdescribed above.

FIG. 43H shows a perspective view of a staged funnel body 96 h that maybe used in connection with, e.g. any of the funnel arrangementsdescribed herein. As shown, the staged funnel body 96 h includes twodistinct tapered or funnel-shaped portions 162 g and 164 g separatedaxially by a constant-diameter (in this example, cylindrical) portion163 g. Sections 161 g and 130 g are at opposed axial ends of the funnelbody 96 h and are, in this example, cylindrical. The staged funnel body96 provides a progressive folding of the implant in two distinctsections.

FIGS. 43J to 43M show an offset funnel body 96 h, which may be used inconnection with, e.g. any of the loading funnel arrangements describedherein. In this arrangement, the overall central axis A of the funnelbody 96 h is nonlinear, such that the central axis along the enlargedintroduction portion 171 h is offset with regard to central axis alongthe narrowed cylindrical portion 172 h, with a transition provided alongtapered or funnel-shaped portion 173 h. In this embodiment, the off-setfunnel body 96 h biases the shaft of the delivery device and hence theflexible-wing to the side of the funnel as illustrated. It may beadvantageous for the funnel body 96 h to be at a particular orientationrelative to the implant 5 during loading.

Although the tapered geometry of the various funnel bodies describedherein may in some examples be illustrated as being conical or of aconstant taper angle, it should be understood that curved and/orirregular tapers may be provided in addition, or as an alternative, tothe illustrated funnel bodies.

FIGS. 44 to 50 show a delivery sequence in accordance with exemplaryembodiments of the present invention.

The delivery of the implant 5 starts with the procedural sheath 100 andguidewire 150 percutaneously positioned in situ.

The delivery sequence depends on which variant of loading funnel isused. For example, if any of the loading funnel shown in FIGS. 36 to 40Bare used, then the first step may be to load the loading funnel onto theguidewire 150. If, for example, the loading funnel shown in FIGS. 41A to42B is used then this step may be omitted. For simplicity the followingsequence describes an exemplary delivery method using the loading funnel95 shown in FIGS. 36 to 38.

Step 1: Back load the guidewire 150 into the foot core 20 and the shaft92 and handle 93 of the device 90. This step is generally illustrated inFIG. 44.

Step 2: Insert the implant 5 into the funnel 96 to compress the flexiblewing 60, and place the cap 97 and seal 98 (as well as retainer 99) ontothe rear of loading funnel 96. This step is generally illustrated inFIGS. 45A and 45B.

Step 3: Insert the loading funnel 95 (and the other components of thedevice 90), which houses the implant 5, into the hub 110 and valve 115at the rear of the procedural sheath 100. This step is generallyillustrated in FIGS. 46A and 46B.

Step 4: As illustrated in FIGS. 47A and 47B, the delivery device 90 andimplant 5 are advanced down the procedural sheath 100 into the artery 2to deliver the implant 5 into the arterial lumen (just distal to theprocedural sheath tip) of the artery 2. Alternatively, the implant maybe delivered into the arterial lumen by being advanced down theprocedural sheath 100 into the artery 2 to deliver the implant 5 justproximal to the procedural sheath tip, then holding the delivery device90 stationary (once the implant is positioned at the sheath tip) andwithdrawing the sheath 100 over the delivery device 90 the requiredamount to expose the implant 5. This avoids pushing the exposed implant5 upstream within the artery 2.

Step 5: Withdraw the procedural sheath 100 from the artery 2 andposition the implant 5 in juxtaposition to the arteriotomy. The implant5 is now controlling the bleeding from the arteriotomy. This step isgenerally illustrated in FIG. 48.

Step 6: Once confirmed that the implant 5 is correctly positioned andeffecting a seal, the guidewire 150 is withdrawn, the extra-luminal pin80 is deployed, and the implant is released. This step is generallyillustrated in FIGS. 49A and 49B.

Step 7: Withdraw the procedural sheath 100 and delivery device 90 fromthe tissue tract to leave the implant (foot core 20, flexible wing 60,and extra-luminal pin 80) implanted to complete the delivery of theimplant 5 and sealing of the arteriotomy. This step is generallyillustrated in FIG. 50.

The above delivery sequence steps outline a method of implantdeployment, there are many possible variants on this sequence to suitclinical requirements or preferences. For example, it may beadvantageous to leave the guidewire 150 in situ through the implantafter implant release, to maintain arterial percutaneous access, andremove the guidewire 150 when judged clinically appropriate. In thisregard, it is noted that, as indicated above, in some embodiments, e.g.the version having extra-luminal pin 80 a, the guide wire may remain inplace even after deployment of the pin.

Referring to FIGS. 59 and 60, the loading funnel/cannula assembly 395includes a loading cannula 335 and an offset loading funnel 396analogous to the loading funnel 96 h shown, for example, in FIG. 43J.Referring to the exploded view of FIG. 60, the cannula 335 includes acannula tube 336, a cannula cap 397, a cannula seal 398, and a cannulaseal retainer 399 that function in a manner analogous to other likecomponents described herein, e.g. the components of the assemblyillustrated, e.g. in FIG. 42B.

Closure Product and Packing

FIG. 58 shows a packaged product 300, that includes a surgical device301 packaged in a protective tray 400. The surgical device 301 includesthe same features of the other analogous example devices describedherein, except to the extent indicated otherwise.

The surgical device 301 includes, inter alia, the handle 200 asdescribed in additional detail herein, and a loading funnel/cannulaassembly 395, which is analogous to other loading funnel/cannulaarrangements described herein.

As illustrated in FIG. 58, the surgical device 301 is held in a recess405 shaped to closely match the geometry of the surgical device 301 bytabs or projections 410.

The product 300 is configured such that the device 301 is removable fromthe tray 400 by proximally pulling the device 301 from the tray 400. Inthis example, the offset loading funnel 396 is retained in the tray asthe remainder of the device 301 is withdrawn proximally from the tray.

To remove the device from the tray, the operator grips handle 200protruding from the proximal end of the tray 400, e.g. between the thumband fingers. While holding the tray 400 in the opposite hand orsupporting the tray on a suitable surface for stability, the user maywithdraw the device 301 proximally in a straight smooth continuousmotion until the device 301 is completely free of the tray. Since thefunnel 396 is retained in the tray 400 as the remainder of the device301 is withdrawn, the implant 2 held by the device 301 moves proximallyalong the loading funnel/cannula assembly 395 such that the flexiblewing of the implant 5 is folded by the funnel as the implant progressestoward the loading cannula 335. Upon further pulling the device 301, theimplant 5 moves into the tube 336 of cannula 335, which maintains thefolded configuration of the implant 5 until the implant 5 is deployedalong the guidewire as described in further detail herein with regard toother examples.

Upon further retraction of the device 301, a positive stop engagesbetween the loading cannula 335 and the shaft of the device 301, suchthat the cannula 335 is pulled away from and breaks free of the loadingfunnel 396. Upon further retraction of the device 301, the device 301 isfreed from the tray, with the loading funnel 396 retained in the tray.

Referring to FIG. 61, the positive stop that engages between the cannula335 and the shaft of the device 300 is formed between a loading cannularetaining ring 360 and the cap 397 of the cannula 335.

The device 300 includes an alignment mark 175 that extendslongitudinally along the device 300 to provide a visual indication thatthe device 301 is properly rotated with respect to the tray 400 and theoffset loading funnel 396 to ensure that the wing of the implant 5 isproperly folded by the funnel 396. Geometric engagement of the device301 with the tray 400 also facilitates this alignment. The alignment ofthe offset funnel 396 is facilitated by the geometry of the tray 400,the recess 405 of which is shaped to match the offset of the funnel 396to thereby resist rotation of the funnel 396.

The tray 400 also includes a cover 450 that prevents inadvertentactuation of the lock member 240, thumb slider 250 or any other operablemechanism of the handle 300 while the device 301 is in the tray 400.

The tray 400 may provide a specific and defined atmosphere for storageof the implant pre- and post-sterilization, which may further add toincreasing the post-sterilization shelf-life stability of the polymerfrom which the exemplary implant 5 is formed. One such mechanism is theuse of a controlled atmosphere, specifically one where excessivemoisture is reduced by means of use of a vacuum or low moisturecontaining dried gases such as nitrogen, argon, etc. Furthermore, theuse of packaging materials with a low moisture vapor transmission rate,for example orientated polypropylene (OPP), Polyethylene terephthalate(PET), Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polyethylene (PE),foil-based packaging materials (e.g. aluminium), or combinationsthereof, in combination with a low moisture environment can further aidin enhancing the stability of the polymeric material post-sterilization.

FIG. 62 shows the components of the device 301 once removed from thetray 400, with the implant 5 being folded and loaded into the loadingcannula 335. The device 301 further includes an insertion mark 380 thatprovides the operator with a visual indication of how deep to insert thedevice 301 into the procedural sheath 100.

Although some example embodiments have been described herein in thecontext of vascular closure applications, it should be understood thatthe various mechanisms and concepts described herein are not limited tovascular applications and are applicable to any suitable applicationsthat require closure of an aperture in a tissue.

Although the present invention has been described with reference toparticular examples and exemplary embodiments, it should be understoodthat the foregoing description is in no manner limiting. Moreover, thefeatures described herein may be used in any combination.

1. A device for sealing an aperture in a tissue, the device comprising:a foot including a distal portion configured to be disposed distallybeyond a distal surface of the tissue when the device is in a sealingposition, and a proximal portion configured to extend proximally throughthe aperture and proximally beyond a proximal surface of the tissue whenthe device is in the sealing position; a thin flexible wing positionableagainst the distal surface of the tissue adjacent the aperture such thatthe flexible wing is disposed between the anterior distal portion of thefoot and the distal surface of the tissue when the device is in thesealing position; an elongated retention member comprising a firstportion and a second portion supported and housed by the proximalportion of the foot, the elongated retention member slideably moveablewith respect to the proximal portion of the foot from a first positionto a second position; and a guide channel extending through at least oneof the foot and the thin flexible wing and configured to receive a guidewire therethrough, wherein, when the elongated retention member is inthe first position, the guide channel is open, and wherein, when theelongated retention member is in the second position, the elongatedretention member blocks the guide channel.
 2. The device according toclaim 1, wherein the device is configured to seal a surgical perforationin a cavity such as a gastrointestinal tract, heart, peritoneal cavity,esophagus, vagina, rectum, trachea, bronchi, or a blood vessel.
 3. Thedevice according to claim 1, wherein the device is configured to seal asurgical perforation in an artery, the thin flexible wing beingpositionable against an internal luminal surface of the artery adjacentto the surgical perforation.
 4. The device according to claim 1, whereinthe foot is configured to provide support to the tissue in regions ofthe distal surface that surround the aperture.
 5. The device accordingto claim 1, wherein the distal portion of the foot has an elongatedshape.
 6. The device according to claim 5, wherein the device isconfigured to seal a surgical perforation having a diameter that is lessthan a length of the distal portion of the foot.
 7. The device accordingto claim 5, wherein the distal portion of the foot has two opposedlateral projections that extend outwardly from the longitudinal axis ofthe elongated shape.
 8. The device according to claim 7, wherein thelateral projections are rounded.
 9. The device according to claim 7,wherein the foot has a transverse width measured from an outer edge ofone of the lateral projections to an outer edge of the other lateralprojection that is constant along at least a portion of the lateralprojections.
 10. The device according to claim 1, wherein the distalportion of the foot is rectangular.
 11. The device according to claim 1,wherein the distal portion of the foot is circular.
 12. The deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein the device is comprises a recessed surfacedisposed in the distal portion of the foot and into which the thinflexible portion is received and crimped to provide an effective fluidseal between the wing and the distal portion of the foot.
 13. The deviceaccording to claim 12, wherein the crimping of the thin flexible wing isachieved using at least one of (a) mechanical crimping, (b) chemicalcrimping, and (c) thermal crimping. 14-18. (canceled)
 19. The deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein at least one of the foot, the thinflexible wing, and the elongated retention member is formed at least inpart of a material having an inherent viscosity in a range from 0.5 to7.0 dl/g.
 20. The device according to claim 1, wherein a longitudinalaxis of the proximal portion of the foot is flexible with respect to alongitudinal axis of the distal portion of the foot. 21-22. (canceled)23. The device according to claim 1, wherein the distal portion of thefoot has a length this is greater than a diameter of the aperture. 24.The device according to claim 1, wherein the proximal portion isflexible relative to the distal portion of the foot.
 25. The deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein the distal portion of the foot isconfigured to reinforce the flexible wing to facilitate sealing of theaperture.
 26. The device according to claim 1, wherein the elongatedretention member is configured to provide a safety mechanism against thefoot being fully pushed or pulled distally through the aperture. 27-43.(canceled)
 44. The device of claim 1, wherein the device is formed of apolymer adapted to remain shelf stable and functional for sealing afterterminal sterilization.
 45. The device according to claim 44, whereinthe polymer is adapted to remain shelf stable and functional for sealingafter terminal sterilization using at least one of (a) ethylene oxide,(b) electron-beam, (c) gamma irradiation, and (d) nitrous oxide.
 46. Thedevice of claim 1, wherein at least one of the foot and the thinflexible wing, and the elongated retention member is formed at least inpart of a polymer that is biodegradable.
 47. The device according toclaim 46, wherein the entire device is formed of a polymer that isbiodegradable.
 48. The device according to claim 46, wherein the polymercomprises Polydioxanone, Poly-L-lactide, Poly-D-lactide,Poly-DL-lactide, Polyglycolide, ε-Caprolactone, Polyethylene glycol, orcombinations thereof.
 49. The device according to claim 46, wherein thepolymer comprises polydioxanone.